Question:
Identify the factors that determine population growth in a country. How may the age and occupational structure of the population of a developing country differ from that of a developed country?
Be careful to answer both parts of the question. Give good examples to help outline your answer.
No word limit.
This homework is due in on Wednesday 6th of March.
Good luck,
Mr Wickham
Population growth results mainly from the difference between birth rates and death rates which is called natural rate of increase. Birth rates change because of different factors. The first of them is the change in living standards. In less developed countries where people live in poor conditions they need large families to help them produce food and work for money. Therefore, they have many children. The opposite happens in developed countries. Another factor is contraception which consists in increased use of contraceptive methods to reduce pregnancies. Custom and religion is also an important factor specially in less developed countries where the population is not aware of birth control or hold beliefs that do not allow them to use contraception. Female employment is also a factor for reduced birth rates in developed countries as women that go to work to earn an income may not want to take the time to raise children. Finally, marriage is being delayed in developed countries resulting in lower birth rates.
ReplyDeleteDeath rates also depend on factors like living standards as better quality food, housing and sanitation improve life expectancy. Medical advance and health care has increased life expectancy across developed and developing countries. Natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, wars etc. also have an impact on death rates, especially in less developed countries.
On top of the natural rate of increase that results from birth and death rates, migration is also an important factor of population growth, that compensates population growth rates among developing and developed countries.
Age distribution is the percentage of population in different age groups. In less developed countries, high birth and death rates provoke that children under 15 years of age account for as much as 50% of the population while people over 60 only account for less than 5%. On the other side, on developed economies the average age of the population is increasing due to low birth and death rates. People over 60 years of age represent up to 25% of the population.
Occupational distribution speaks about the types of economical activity in which people work and what people do. In developing economies most of the people work in agriculture. These accounts for more than 90% of the labor force in some of these countries. However, in some fast growing economies these in changing rapidly with manufacturing and service industries attracting many workers. The best examples of this are China and India. In developed economies most employees work in service industries with only a small percentage working in agriculture.
Population growth can be determined by these four main factors which are birth rate, death rate, fertility rate and net migration. Birth rate is the ratio of total live births in an area in a particular period of time. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year and have two main indicators which are infant mortality rate (rate of children dying under the age of one) and maternal mortality rate (rate of deaths of women related to child bearing). Fertility rate is the number of live births between the ages of 15 and 44. The Fertility rate can also be measured by numbered of children born to the average women in her lifetime. Net migration measures the difference between immigration and emigration.
ReplyDeletePopulation can be distributed into three main groups which are age distribution (grouping people according to age), Occupational distribution (grouping people according to the sectors they are employed in), Geographical distribution (grouping people according to where they live).
The age distribution of a developed country have increasing average population age due to low birth rates and death rates. With higher average ages the population demand better health care. However in a developing country have low average population age due to high birth rates and death rates. Occupational distribution in developed countries have high employment in services but in developing countries most of the employment is in agriculture however has rising employment in manufacturing and in services.
Population can be changed by the amount of the net migration. Net migration is the total number of people coming in and out of the country and can be both: negative and positive. Positive number would mean that there are more people coming in and than coming out of the country and negative would mean opposite.
ReplyDeletePopulation depends on the birth rate, which is the number of births per given time. It is higher in developing countries, because the death rate is high as well and people prefer having more children, if someone dies then they still have more. Death rate is the number of deaths per given time. The population changes as there is a difference between the birth and death rates.
Death rate is affected by the standard of living, which includes sanitation, health care, education, life expectancy… Also may be influenced by it’s geographical position, because this country may have pollution because of neighbor countries, natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes.
The fertility rate changes the population, as has the direct influence over the birth rate. It can be affected by the employment of the female part of the society, livings standards that may affect the decision to have or not to have children for several reasons. For example it can be the financial problem to have children or it is likely that the mother can die in process.
In developed and developing countries the age distribution is different. In developing countries the death and birth rates are higher than in developed countries so they are not likely to have many old people (developing countries). Developing countries have 40-50% of the population as children less than 15 years old and only 5% people over 60. In developed countries people over 60 make 25% of the population.
In developing countries the occupational distribution is mostly agriculture. Which has about 90% of the whole labour force of this country. However not all countries follow that system, in such countries as China and India there are big employments on factories and service industries which are secondary and tertiary sectors. In developed countries most people work in the service industries and only a small percentage work in the agriculture and the female participation and self-employment (such as lawyers or private trainer) are high, comparing to the developing countries.
The main factors that affect population growth are to start off with the birth rate. It is the ratio of total live births to the total population in an area in a particular period of time. It is measured per year. More births per 1000 lead to an increasing population. It tends to be higher in developing countries to even out the high mortality rate and also children bring money into the family once they start working. Spain had a birth rate of 10.2 per year in 2011 and India’s was 22.2. In comparison of developed and developing, we can see the difference in numbers.
ReplyDeleteThe death rate or mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year. It is divided into two main indicators; infant mortality which is the number of children dying under the age of one divided by the birth rate of that year.
Maternal mortality is the number of deaths of women related to child bearing divided by the total number of live births that year (birth rate). 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries due to the lack of medical help and sanitation. 7.43 deaths per1000 population in India was last updated in July 2012 and 9.33 deaths in the United Kingdom. A falling death rate can increase a countries population. These changes are often due to better medical care, inoculation against diseases and better diet.
The death rate is affected by the quantity and quality of food available as well as medical facilities.
In developing countries, they are both high, but for example in Brazil although the two factors are high, there was a natural increase in the population in 2009 because birth rates are higher and so the population is growing. This is the case in many developing countries.
The general Fertility rate can be measured by the number of live births per1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 (which is the average period of time when a woman is able to give birth.). It can also be measured by the number of children born per woman. The average fertility rate in Uganda was 6.14 children born per woman; while in France it was 2.08 (2012).
Birth rates and fertility rates are affected by numbers of women of child bearing age, attitudes to having children and the extent to which contraceptions and other methods are used to limit the number of children per family. For example, the Chinese government put high taxes on any family with more than one child.
Net migration measures the difference between immigration (coming into the country and emigration (getting out of the country) if the number of emigrants is greater than the number of immigrants, the net migration figure is negative. And if it is the contrary of this (larger number of immigrants than of emigrants)
ReplyDeleteNet migration is determined by these ease with which people can move between countries and whether they want to do so. In South Africa, the net migration was a negative figure so more people coming into the country than out. -6.22 migrant(s) per 1,000 population. In Germany it was of 0.71 migrant(s) per 1,000 populations.
Developing countries have high death and birth rates (including high infant mortality rate) ,and low life expectancy. Higher death rates come from lower incomes, which in turn result in poor nutrition for the poorest. There are fewer doctor, nurses and hospitals per head of the population. There are fewer medicines and a much lower percentage of the population is inoculated against diseases. In general, health facilities are poor, especially in rural areas. HIV, Malaria and measles are a main cause of high mortality rates, the drugs to combat these are very expensive and in almost all of the cases, they can’t be afforded. Most of the population in these countries is illiterate due to not affording an education or having to drop out of school early to work and bring more income into the household. There is also a lack in sanitation and in many occasions lack to meet basic needs.
Developed countries have low death and lower birthrate which give as a result a stable or declining population and also as a consequence of better standards of living and better medical care. The lower birth than death rates make these countries generally with aging population. The low death rates results from better health care and relatively high income, and therefore enabling people to have a more nutritious diet. The adult literacy rate is extremely high, especially as the years go by and for example there are new classes to teach older people to prevent the adult literacy rate being existent
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DeletePopulation growth is the change in a population over time, and is usually measured and calculated by finding the increase in people in a certain country over time. Ever since the year 2000, and especially during the last few years, population growth has accelerated at an astounding rate. There are many factors which affect population growth.
ReplyDeleteFirstly, one of the main factors affecting population growth is the birth rate. It is the ratio of total live births to total population in an area over a particular period of time. A high birth rate will generally mean an increase in population size, in not exceeded by the death rate. More developed countries tend to have a lower birth rates than more developed ones. As well as this, birth rates in the last few years are far lower than in, say, the 1950s. For example, in 1950, Spain had around 20.2 births per 1000 people. In 2011, this number shrunk to 8.32 births per 1000.
Another important factor affecting population growth is the death rate. It is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population over a year. In itself, it consists of two main indicators:
The Infant Mortality Rate, number of children under the age of 1 dying each year divided by the number of live births that year.
The Maternal Mortality Rate, number of deaths of women related to the child bearing divided by the total number of live births that year.
If the death rate exceeds the birth rate, it generally means a negative population growth, or a decrease in population size. A lower death rate and a higher birth rate means positive population growth, or an increase in population size. Developed countries tend to have lower death rates than birth rates, while less developed countries will have both high death and birth rates. Death rates have been decreasing over the past few years. In Spain, 1950, the number of deaths per 1000 people was 10.9. In 2011, the number decreased to 8.37. This change is not as drastic as the change in the birth rate, but has still decreased. The death rate is affected by the quantity and quality of food.
Similarly, another factor affecting population growth is the fertility rate. It is the number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 14 and 44. Higher fertility rates mean an increase in population growth and size. Developed countries usually have a lower fertility rate than Undeveloped countries, who have higher fertility rates to gain more wealth for the family and to take care of elder family members. Even so, the fertility rate has been decreasing over time in developed countries, but only slightly. In Spain in 1975, the fertility rate was 2.8 per 1000 women. In 2011, the figure dropped ever so slightly to 1.36. Birth and Fertility rates are affected by attitudes towards childbearing and contraception in specific countries.
Finally, a very important factor affecting population growth is Net Migration: the difference between immigration and emigration. Emigrants are people leaving the country, possibly to find work or travel. Immigrants are people entering the country, to work there or live there. If the number of emigrants is greater than the number of immigrants the net migration figure is negative. If the number of immigrants is greater than the number of emigrants, then positive. Economic migration occurs when people come to or leave a country in search of a job.
Because of the ever so rapidly growing population, the structure of it is required to be and is divided into three main distinct groups according to certain characteristics.
ReplyDeleteFirst of all, the Age distribution, which involves grouping people according to age. In developed countries, there are a low number of birth and death rates, meaning that the population is relatively old. This means that more government spending is required for pensions, and a younger working population is needed. In developing countries, high fertility, birth and death rates make the highest percentage of the population extremely young, children. This means that there is more dependance on the middle aged employed, but not so much is spent on pensions. A population pyramid for a developing countries would be widest at the bottom, with younger people, and much thinner at the top, for the older part of the population. For a developed country, the pyramid would start at relatively wide at the bottom, become thicker until its widest point in the middle, and then thin down again when reaching the top.
Secondly, occupational distribution, where people are grouped according to jobs or employment sector. In developed countries, most of the employed population works the tertiary sector, services, while in developing countries, most of the employed work in the primary sector, such as agriculture and fishing. However, more people are beginning to work in the secondary sector in developed countries, manufacturing.
Finally, geographical distribution, where population is grouped according to geographical location. In developing countries, many people live in rural areas but an increasing number are moving to cities looking for work. Because of this, cities in many developing countries are expanding rapidly. In developed countries, around 60% of the global population live in cities. As a result of this, congestion and pollution are a big problem.
The main factors that determine population growth in a country are the birth rate, the fertility rate, death rate and net migration. Birth rate is the ratio of total life births to total population in an area in a particular period of time. The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year. Death rate consists of two main indicators; the infant mortality rate and the maternal mortality rate. About 500,000 woman and girls die every year due to complications due to pregnancy. Thirdly, fertility rate is measured by the number of live births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 years. Finally, net migration measures the difference between immigration (movement into a country) and emigration (the movement out if a country). If the number of emigrants is greater than the number of immigrants, the net migration figure will be negative.
ReplyDeleteIf we take a look at the structure of a population, we are able to identify two aspects of these, age distribution, which is the relations between the working and dependent population, occupational distribution which is the service sector and the fastest growing part of this type of distribution (or more simply said the grouping of people by jobs or employment sector), and finally, geographical distribution, which is the large-scale migration of people from rural areas to cities.
In developed countries as opposed to developing countries, the average age of many populations is increasing due to low birth rates and death rates. Up to 25% of their populations are over 50 years of age. In developing countries, due to high birth rates and death rates, children under 15 years of age account for 40-50% of the population in age distribution. Moreover, in developed countries we find that there is increasing demand for health care and leisure facilities, pensions…whereas in developing countries, people over 60 years of age account for less than 5% of the population.
If we take a look at occupational distribution and its differentiation in developed versus developing countries, we can see that most employees work service (tertiary sector), only a small percentage work in agriculture. Contrary to developing countries, where most employees work in the primary sector (agriculture) and this takes up to 90% of the work force in some countries. Furthermore, we find female participation in the work force and self-employment is high in developed countries, not like in developing countries, where economies like China and India have high and increasing employment in manufacturing (secondary sector) and service industries (tertiary sector)
In conclusion, the factors that affect population are: birth rate, fertility rate, net migration and mortality rate, and the structure of a population may be divided into three distinct groups: age distribution, occupation distribution, and geographical; and age as well as occupational distribution varies depending on whether a country is developed or not.
The factors that determine population growth are: the birth rate, this is the ratio of total live births to the total population in an area in a particular period of time. For example Spain had a birth rate of 10.2 per 1000 in 2011. India had a birth rate 22.2 per 1000 in 2009. Next the mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of pop/year. This takes in account the infant mortality rate under the age of 1 and the maternal mortality rate. (Over ½ of a million women and girls die during child birth). Then the general fertility rate can be measured by the number of live births per 1000 between the ages of 15 and 44 years. Finally the immigration movement is into a country and the emigration movement is out of a country. If the emigration rate is greater than the number of immigrants causes the net migration figure to be negative.
ReplyDeleteIn a developing country more births lead to an increasing population, children can add to household earnings once they start to work. In developed countries a falling death rate, an ageing population means better medical assistance, less diseases and a better diet. Brazil’s birth rate in 2009 was about 18.5 per 1000 compared to a death rate of 6.35 per 1000. This means a natural increase in the pop.
The economic migration occurs when people come or go into a country searching for work. Low wages in a country will lead to workers emigrating where the wages are higher. The working population in an economy supports the dependent population, these are people that work and can provide for themselves as well as for those who can’t. This includes those who are too young, old or simply unable to work.
The population is divided into three parts: the age distribution, occupational distribution and geographical distribution: in developing countries there are high births rates, under 15 yrs old 40-50% and over 60 yrs old there is less than 5%. Employees work mainly in agriculture and in manufacturing especially in China or India. Many people work in rural areas but increasing numbers are moving to the cities to find work and to expand. Then in developed countries the average age rate is due to low birth rates and death rates, over 25% of the pop is older than 60 yrs old. Most of the work is in the services and self-employment is high. Around 60% of the global pop lives in cities. Congestions and pollution are big problems in many major cities.
Well done everyone.
ReplyDeleteI was looking for factors that influence population growth such as birth and death rates, fertility rates and net migration. Age and occupational structure is to do with changes in population and its effects. Ageing populations, dependency, working populations and changes in employment between different sectors.
IBON: B
Good answer. Well written but no mention of Net Migration?
FELIPE: B
A good answer but you have not extended your answer with any statistical examples.
SANZHAR: A
Excellent answer, but please give more actual statistics from countries to get the highest marks.
SARA: B
The first half of your answer was excellent with lots of great statistics. But you failed to answer the second part of the question, no reference to an ageing population or changes in employment between sectors.
Sam: A*
excellent answer, well done. Good use of statistics to back up your arguments.
ALTAIR: A
Excellent answer, just needed more detailed statistical examples from countries to get that highest grade. Well done.
EMELINE: B
A good answer but you failed to structure your answer well to get the highest grades.
MARCOS: C+
Too brief in the first section and you needed to include much more detailed examples from countries.